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- <text id=93TT1404>
- <title>
- Apr. 12, 1993: Burnt Out
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
- Apr. 12, 1993 The Info Highway
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- EUROPE, Page 40
- Burnt Out
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>Prosperity and the death of communism have brought socialism
- in Europe to the verge of extinction
- </p>
- <p>By THOMAS SANCTON/PARIS--With reporting by James O. Jackson/
- Bonn, William Mader/London and John Moody/Rome
- </p>
- <p> Tired and ill with prostate cancer, Francois Mitterrand
- sat silently in a Louis XV armchair at the Elysee Palace,
- watching election returns. Was it only a dozen years ago that
- a vigorous Mitterrand, newly elected as France's Socialist
- President, marched solemnly up the steps of the Pantheon and
- placed red roses on the tombs of three leftist heroes while the
- streets of Paris rang with victory celebrations? Now as the
- results of last week's parliamentary vote flickered across the
- TV screen, the numbers confirmed what all had suspected: the
- Socialist era was over in France. Mitterrand's party had been
- swamped by a right-wing tidal wave that swept up 460 of the 577
- National Assembly seats and confronted the lame-duck President
- with the most lopsided conservative majority since the monarchy
- was restored in 1815.
- </p>
- <p> The French election may well have signaled the final act
- in the history of West European socialism, whose roots, like
- the very notion of left and right politics, go back to the
- French Revolution. From Stockholm to Rome, from Lisbon to Bonn,
- socialist and social-democratic movements are in trouble. The
- Italian party is entangled in financial scandals that prompted
- Bettino Craxi's resignation as chairman and may put dozens of
- members behind bars. In Spain, Felipe Gonzalez's party could
- well face defeat in elections later this year. Britain's Labour
- Party has been unable to win a national election in 14 years,
- while Germany's Social Democratic Party has been frozen out of
- government since 1982. In Scandinavia, the long-ruling Social
- Democrats were ousted from power in the mid-1980s, but they have
- recently regained power in Denmark and Sweden, where their main
- task will be to trim back their own greatest achievement: the
- welfare state.
- </p>
- <p> The challenges facing all these movements run far deeper
- than electoral miseries. The collapse of the communist regimes
- of Eastern Europe exposed the bankruptcy of the collectivist
- doctrines that lay at the heart of all socialist thought.
- "Socialism is a dirty word today," says French sociologist Alain
- Touraine. The French and Italian socialist parties are even
- considering changing their names to avoid the opprobrium that
- voters attach to them.
- </p>
- <p> The crisis began building long before the Berlin Wall fell
- in 1989. The fundamental problem is that an ideology based on
- 19th century industrial relations has lost its meaning in a
- world where the nature of class and work has changed. The
- conditions that gave birth to socialism have ceased to exist.
- The improved lot of European workers--rising prosperity,
- upward social mobility, increased access to property--has
- lifted most of them into the middle class and deprived socialist
- parties of their natural electoral base. "As a result of
- economic changes, the working class all over the West has been
- shrinking since the 1960s," says Oxford University lecturer
- Vernon Bogdanor. "The old icons, the old ideology are outmoded."
- That leads some observers to pronounce the movement dead. "It's
- finished," says French social philosopher Jean-Francois Revel.
- "It was a great intellectual adventure that turned out to be a
- historical parenthesis."
- </p>
- <p> A more charitable view is that the European left is a
- victim of its own success. "The socialist program was
- established at the end of the last century," says Jacques
- Julliard, a professor at Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences
- Sociales. "Most of it has now been achieved: social security
- systems, raising the lowest salaries, reducing inequalities."
- </p>
- <p> Most European socialist parties have long since dropped
- their Marxist class-struggle ideology and evolved into
- social-democratic movements that embrace the electoral process
- and accommodate themselves to a capitalist economy. The French
- left's failure to make such changes is instructive. Mitterrand
- came to power in 1981 by forming an alliance with the communists
- on the basis of a program that called for sweeping
- nationalization of industry and generous worker benefits.
- Runaway inflation and three devaluations of the franc forced the
- Socialists to make a sharp right turn in 1983, and they have
- basically pursued free-market policies ever since--without
- ever formally renouncing their Marxist principles.
- </p>
- <p> In the same decade, Britain's Labour Party, long one of
- Europe's most rabidly anticapitalist movements, undertook a
- nine-year effort to purge radicals from key party positions and
- to appeal to a mainstream electorate--so far to little avail.
- Labour's problem is that it has not fully abandoned its
- anticapitalist rhetoric. That has made voters permanently
- skeptical about the party's true intentions.
- </p>
- <p> Not all the left's problems spring from this ideological
- predicament. The French and Spanish parties, both in power for
- roughly a decade, are paying the political price for recession
- and rising unemployment. Scandals have eroded the strength of
- socialist parties in Spain, France and Greece, as well as Italy.
- European socialists have also been victims of a disaffection
- with party politics that seem out of touch with people's real
- concerns and problems. In last week's French elections, nearly
- one-third of the voters abstained.
- </p>
- <p> In moving toward the center, the socialists have ceased to
- represent an alternative to the system. On many points, their
- policies are now virtually identical with those of the right:
- budgetary discipline, privatization, low inflation, free trade.
- That may be sound economics, notes Julliard, "but if the left
- has no other perspective than growth and monetary stability, why
- should anyone vote Socialist today?"
- </p>
- <p> Some hard-liners, like left-wing Labour M.P. Tony Benn,
- argue for a return to old-fashioned "socialist principles." Most
- of these parties, however, are desperately seeking to reinvent
- themselves. In an explosive speech last February, former French
- Prime Minister Michel Rocard, the Socialists' presumed
- presidential candidate in 1995, pronounced the old party dead
- and called for a "political big bang" that would create a new
- constellation of socialists, reform-minded communists, centrists
- and human-rights activists. Last weekend Rocard's supporters
- ousted party chairman Laurent Fabius and placed Rocard at the
- head of a "collective leadership."
- </p>
- <p> Others are seeking to redefine socialism itself. Michel
- Charzat, a French party official, believes that the left must
- launch a "project to reconstruct a society in which citizens
- come together, discuss, deliberate, make compromises." What the
- people are looking for, he says, are "pragmatic responses to
- their concerns." Antonio Guterres, secretary-general of the
- Portuguese party, calls for "new solutions to new problems" and
- points to examples such as job sharing as a possible answer to
- unemployment.
- </p>
- <p> None of these approaches are very precise, but they have
- one thing in common: a retreat from ideology. The main lesson
- of the French elections, says philosopher Andre Glucksmann, is
- "the end of the religious, theological, ideological style of
- politics" that the Socialists represented. "Voters no longer
- believe in definitive, global solutions. They want politics to
- address real problems." He sees French politics evolving into
- an American-style two-party system, in which a liberal and a
- conservative camp would address issues free from the "dogmatic
- Utopianism" that once clouded their debates. At a time when many
- Europeans see the Clinton Administration moving toward a
- social-democratic approach, with its emphasis on national health
- care and industrial policy, that raises the fascinating prospect
- of two very different systems converging on the same principle:
- using the power of the state to put people first.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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